This does not mean “never use antibiotics.” It means antibiotics should be used when a clinician has a reason to suspect or diagnose a bacterial infection where the medicine is likely to help.

Viruses and bacteria are different

The American Academy of Pediatrics explains that antibiotics do not fight viruses. Common colds, influenza, RSV and many sore throats and coughs are viral. Giving an antibiotic for a viral illness does not treat the cause.

Why unnecessary antibiotics are not harmless

Antibiotics can cause side effects such as diarrhoea, rash or allergic reactions. Unnecessary use also contributes to antimicrobial resistance, which makes bacterial infections harder to treat over time.

Green or yellow mucus does not automatically mean antibiotics are needed. Mucus commonly changes colour during viral respiratory infections.

What parents can usually focus on

  • Fluids and hydration.
  • Rest and comfort.
  • Age-appropriate measures recommended by a pediatrician or pharmacist.
  • Watching breathing, fever pattern, alertness and whether symptoms are improving or worsening.

When a cough or cold needs medical review

Seek professional assessment for breathing difficulty, wheezing, a child who is becoming markedly less responsive, persistent or concerning fever, poor hydration, significant ear pain, symptoms that are prolonged without improvement, or any situation where the child appears seriously unwell.

Breathing difficulty is not a “wait for tomorrow” symptom. If a child is struggling to breathe, seek urgent medical care.

Why the clinician may still prescribe an antibiotic

Some children develop bacterial infections such as certain ear infections, bacterial sinusitis, pneumonia or streptococcal throat infection. The decision should follow the clinical picture rather than the expectation that every cough needs an antibiotic.

References

  1. American Academy of Pediatrics, HealthyChildren.org. Why Most Sore Throats, Coughs & Runny Noses Don’t Need Antibiotics.
  2. American Academy of Pediatrics, HealthyChildren.org. Antibiotics for Children: Common Questions Answered.